The policy of the Geological Quarterly is to publish significant contributions of information and geological insight relevant to an international readership. The journal has been issued since 1957 at the Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute and, at present, is the leading Earth sciences journal in Poland. All aspects of Earth and related sciences, and universal and broad regional rather than locally oriented topics are covered. The journal is intended to be an international forum for the exchange of information and ideas, particularly on important geological topics of Central Europe. The Geological Quarterly is abstracted and indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded including the Web of Science, Research Alert, Current Contents/(Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences), American Geological Institute/Bibliography and Index of Geology, Elsevier/GeoAbstracts, GEOBASE, BIOSIS UK/Zoological Records, and Geological Bibliography of Poland. Geological Quarterly is an open access journal IF 2022 = 1.0 37/48 in Category Geology (Rank by Journal Citation Indicator: 38/61) Score of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education = 100 Raising the scientific standard of the journal "Geological Quarterly" – a financial task under the agreement RN/SP/0430/2021/1 funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, designated for the "Development of scientific journals." Podnoszenie poziomu naukowego czasopisma „Geological Quarterly” – zadanie finansowe w ramach umowy RN/SP/0430/2021/1 z funduszy Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, przeznaczone na „Rozwój czasopism naukowych”. Register
Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute
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Three-dimensional geological and geophysical model of the Myutenbay gold deposit, Muruntau ore field, Uzbekistan
A three-dimensional geomagnetic model of the Myutenbay deposit has, been created in the Geosoft Oasis Montaj program, based on digital modelling of magnetic exploration data previously carried out at the site, and using the petrophysical characteristics of the ore-bearing rocks. A three-dimensional model of the ore bodies was created in Micromine software using information from boreholes obtained during the exploration stage of the deposit. The shape of the ore bodies and that of the three-dimensional magnetically disturbing objects in the geomagnetic model were established as identical. A two-dimensional geomagnetic model clearly shows the fault zone, the folded rocks of the Murun suite and the orientation of the ore bodies within the Kosmanachi ore-bearing strata. The mapped magnetic anomalies reflect zones of progressive regional metamorphism, which collectively determined the location of gold ore mineralization. Zones of correlatable magnetic maxima reflect the development of pyrite-pyrrhotite vein-disseminated mineralization, related to areas of gold-producing ore body.
Salt mineral crystallization features in the Dawenkou Basin, China: insights from brine fluid inclusions in halite
The Dawenkou Basin in China is a significant Cenozoic evaporite basin containing a diverse range of salt minerals, including halite, anhydrite, glauberite, polyhalite, and various Na-Mg and K-Mg salts. This study investigates the origins of brines that contributed to salt formation in the basin, as well as the sedimentary and post-sedimentary mineralization processes, through fluid inclusion analysis in halite and sulphur-oxygen isotopic studies in anhydrite. Analysis of fluid inclusions in halite from well XZK 101 revealed both primary and secondary inclusions, with evidence of tectonic activity, recrystallization, and fluid migration. Brine compositions vary widely, with K+, Mg+, and concentrations indicating multiple stages of mineral formation and alteration. The presence of hydrocarbons and algal remnants in inclusions suggests interactions with organic material during or after salt deposition. Isotopic data (δ³⁴S and δ¹⁸O) from anhydrite show values suggesting the primary sulphate source was leached from Cambrian and Ordovician evaporites in the surrounding Yi-Meng Mountains, rather than solely from marine sources. The chemical and isotopic composition of the brines does not exclude the influence of marine transgressions during the Eocene, although the dominant input of sulphate appears to come from continental sources. The complex interplay between marine influx, tectonic processes, and continental sulphate leaching shaped the unique salt mineral assemblage observed in the basin today
The geodiversity of the Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park (Poland) and its buffer zone – an attempt to quantify geotourism potential
Geodiversity, understood as the diversity of abiotic components (geological structures, landforms, rocks and sediments, and hydroclimatic conditions), underpins geotourism development. We employed a standardized expert assessment to compare the geotourism potential of seven geosites located within the Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park and its buffer zone, scoring them for their scientific-educational and tourism values. Six sites: the lakes Gościąż, Rakutowskie, and Lucieńskie; the Goreń Dune; the Włocławek Reservoir; and Zamkowa Hill, show high geotourism potential, whereas the Kresy Nature Reserve (a raised bog) was rated as moderate. The highest scientific-educational scores were achieved by Lake Gościąż, the Włocławek Reservoir, and Zamkowa Hill, reflecting their ability to illustrate Quaternary history, dam-related channel and sedimentary processes, and mass-movement phenomena. Notably, Lake Gościąż and Zamkowa Hill are already listed in the Central Register of Polish Geosites. The results indicate substantial opportunities for geotourism development in the region. To fully realize this potential, targeted actions to improve access, interpretation, and promotion of the geosites are needed.
Landslide susceptibility mapping in the western Słonne Góry (SE Poland): a comparative study of landslide polygons and buffer zones using the Frequency Ratio Method
A high variability of landslide density and distribution was observed in the western part of the Słonne Góry (Sanok region, Eastern Carpathians, SE Poland). A statistical method, the bivariate Frequency Ratio Model (FRM), was used to show the reasons for this variability and to compile a map of landslide susceptibility for the study area. The landslide susceptibility map was calculated using an inventory of previous landslides and using buffer zones mapped around the upper parts of landslides. The polygons of landslides represented disturbed features and slope properties. In contrast, buffer zones represented undisturbed slope features and properties. Both methods gave similar results. Two landslide susceptibility maps were obtained with the following Area Under the Curve (AUC) values: 0.7936 for landslides and 0.7971 for buffer zones. This indicates a sufficiently good fit of the computational models for predicting new landslides. Unfortunately, the use of buffer zones in the calculations, which represent undisturbed slope properties, did not improve the predictive values of the susceptibility maps. Significant differences were shown as regards slope angle. The importance of this parameter (slope angle) for the Polish part of the Carpathians was better enhanced by the use of buffer zones in the landslide susceptibility calculations
Modelling earthquake and palaeotsunami damage scenarios on the eastern Mediterranean coast between ~300–551 CE: implications for the archaeological site of Porphyreon on the Phoenician coast of Lebanon
The eastern Mediterranean has long been shaped by the impacts of natural disasters, notably tsunamis and earthquakes, with several major events recorded during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods (specifically between 300–551 CE). This study focuses on the ancient anchorage at Porphyreon on the Phoenician coast and integrates results from numerical earthquake modelling with contextual geological and archaeological field studies. Here, we explore the high potential of correlating diverse records to discern specific signatures of past earthquake and tsunami events. Our study modelled 42 fault zones located in the eastern Mediterranean to identify those capable of generating earthquakes strong enough to cause tsunami-driven flooding and destruction at Porphyreon. Of the 42 scenarios analysed, twelve magnitude 7 earthquakes could have potentially impacted the southern coast of Cyprus and the south-eastern Mediterranean coast in the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. Our analyses identify a fault system that could have posed a major threat to the Phoenician coast during the 551 CE earthquake, with calculated maximum tsunami wave heights exceeding 2.6 m. Our secondary outcome is the identification of faults that remain capable of generating tsunami waves today, posing a continuing threat to the coasts of Lebanon and Cyprus and their occupants.
Habitat transformations during abrupt climate changes at the Late Glacial\Holocene transition, as revealed by cladocerans
We describe a high-resolution analysis of subfossil Cladocera conducted at the Lugi site in Poland, a peatland ecosystem that developed within a former lake in the Warta River Valley. Study focused on core sections corresponding to periods of rapid climatic change during the Late Glacial/Holocene transition, enabling detailed observation of environmental transformations. Palynological analysis facilitated the determination of boundaries between cold and warm periods. The Cladocera analysis revealed that, during the end of Oldest Dryas, the lake was shallow with conditions unfavourable for Cladocera development. At the onset of the Bølling period, warming led to increased species diversity and a rise in water levels within the lake. Following this warming and associated ecological changes, the Bølling-Allerød period was characterized by continued progressive warming, that was interrupted by the Older Dryas cooling event, marked by a sharp decline in Cladocera species. At the end of the Allerød, there was a decline in lake water levels, followed by the onset of the Younger Dryas, which brought a notable cooling trend. The Younger Dryas/Holocene transition was not captured due to a hiatus in sediment deposition. Data from the sediment section corresponding to the Holocene (Boreal period) revealed improved habitat conditions and a warming of the waters. These analyses and interpretations are aimed at comparing records of rapid climatic changes as recorded by Cladocera remains, and demonstrating differences in their course in basins that differ from each other as regards habitat features.
Sinuous ridges in the Polesie region (SE Poland) as inverted fluvial channels: morphology, structure, and genesis
We describe unique forms of sinuous ridges found only in Polesie, Poland, described from elesewhere in the world as palaeochannels and inverted fluvial channels. Sinuous ridges documented in Polesia represent two genetic types: glacial forms and inverted fluvial channels. The examples described of inverted fluvial channels are the only ones of this type documented in Poland. They formed at the transition between the Vistulian and Holocene, as a result of deposition of fine-grained sediments in fossil subglacial troughs. As a result of climatic changes and warming as the Vistulian gave way to the Holocene, the ice sheet covering the floodplains in the area thawed, and positive forms were formed from the deposits that had accumulated in channels in the ice. An important factor intensifying the process of inverted fluvial channel formation in Polesie was the mechanical properties of the rocks. Under specific climatic and geological conditions, with a high water content, the carbonate rocks building the sub-Quaternary substrate were subject to swelling. This resulted in the upward pushing of deposits accumulated in the troughs and the eventual formation of sinuous ridges. Our results reveal new mechanisms and considers new factors in the formation of sinuous ridges of inverted fluvial channel type, which can be applied at a planetary scale
Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Lower Triassic in northwestern Poland – first results from the Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 borehole
The Lower and Middle Buntsandstein succession (Baltic and Pomerania formations) from the Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 borehole was examined in terms of δ13C and δ18O variability. The section is located in northwestern Poland, representing the eastern part of the epicontinental Central European Basin System. Forty-six powder samples from predominantly oolitic limestone intercalations were analysed for these stable isotopes, following microfacies, petrographic and geochemical analyses of these rocks. The δ13C values obtained range between –3.95 and +1.43‰ (VPDB); (average –1.13‰). The Baltic Formation is isotopically much heavier than the Pomerania Formation. δ18O values range between –4.06 and –8.68‰ (VPDB); (average –6.62 ‰). An increasing upwards trend can be observed throughout the succession. The d13C record suggests the possibility of correlation with four global events: the Mid-Griesbachian Event, Late Griesbachian Event, Dienerian-Smithian Boundary Event and Late Spathian Event. Correlation of the positive anomaly around a depth of 2120.0 m with the pronounced global positive Smithian-Spathian Boundary Event is less likely. The record of low and decreasing δ13C within the Pomerania Formation corresponds very well to the global decrease of this isotopic indicator through the Dienerian to early Spathian. Comparability of the local δ13C record with the global record suggests the suitability of using isotopic stratigraphy on such oolitic intercalations for improvement of the Early Triassic chronostratigraphy of the epicontinental Central European Basin System.
Gold of mesothermal Fe-Ni-Co-Bi-As type in alluvial deposits of the Wierzbiak River (Fore-Sudetic Block, SW Poland)
Study of detrital gold grains from modern sediments in the bed of the Wierzbiak River in Lower Silesia (SW Poland) provided insights into their morphological and chemical characteristics. The gold grains exhibit low shape diversity and a high degree of edge rounding. Chemically, the gold grains are homogeneous, consisting of native gold with a maximum silver content of up to 20 wt.%. The grains analysed also contain micro-inclusions, mainly composed of Ni-Co-Fe sulpharsenides and sulphides, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and native bismuth, pointing to an association of mesothermal Fe-Ni-Co-Bi-As mineralization type. The mineral inclusions observed are not typical for the quartz veins of the Wądroże Wielkie Massif but resemble the mineralization present in the polymetallic veins of the Kaczawa Metamorphic Complex. The results of this study support a thesis of a complex genesis of the local Lower Silesian gold-bearing Cenozoic placers, involving both the weathering of local quartz veins of the Wądroże Wielkie Massif and potential contributions from other ore sources in the region. Further geophysical and borehole studies are needed to more accurately assess the gold resources in the Fore-Sudetic Block, especially in the watersheds of the Wierzbiak and Nysa Szalona rivers.
The Tsakhiurtyn Hundi Lakeland – geological and geomorphological factors influencing the development of small lakes south of the Arts Bogd Massif (Gobi-Altai Range, Mongolia)
This study analyses the geological and geomorphological conditions in which palaeolakes developed in the southern margin of the Arts Bogd Massif (Mongolia), identifying and documenting fifteen dry lakes in the Shereegiin Gashuun Basin, in the area called the Tsakhiurtyn Hundi Lakeland. The lake basins were formed by a combination of tectonic and aeolian processes. Their occurrence is closely related to regional fault structures and subsidence of the bedrock within a pull-apart basin. Aeolian processes, including deflation and sedimentation of silts, further influenced the palaeolakes’ morphology and their evolution. Field study and remote data analysis have made it possible to determine the factors shaping the dynamics of the alluvial-pluvial processes involved, and the structural conditions determining the formation of the basins. Nowadays, the lakes are dry, and their bottoms are filled with clayey and clayey-sandy sediments with clearly marked palaeoshorelines. Analyses have shown that geomorphological processes such as aeolian erosion and the accumulation of alluvial fan deposits significantly influenced the geometry of the former reservoirs
Assessment of the impact of rainfall on landslide activity in the Polish Carpathians over a decadal period
This study analyses the impact of precipitation on groundwater level fluctuations and the activity of six landslides in the Polish Flysch Carpathians, using monitoring data from the Landslide Protection System project, including inclinometer measurements, rainfall records, and groundwater levels in colluvial deposits. Geodetic surveys of reference points installed on the landslides were also used to assess their activity. Selected measurement intervals were examined to identify rainfall conditions triggering landslide movement. Cumulative displacement curves revealed nearly continuous movement, with velocities ranging from 0.3 to 3 mm/month. Displacement values causing inclinometer column shearing varied from 38 mm (Witanowice) to 232 mm (Ruszelczyce), depending on shear zone thickness and rock plasticity. Acceleration typically occurred during prolonged rainfall, especially when monthly totals exceeded 100 mm. However, defining a precise rainfall threshold and timing of acceleration was difficult due to complex geological conditions, irregular precipitation patterns, and limited measurement frequency. The findings highlight the sensitivity of landslide activity to hydrological changes and emphasize the need for frequent, integrated monitoring to better understand and predict slope instability in flysch terrains.
Active weathering processes: composition and geochemistry of secondary sulphates from the Johan Hell mine, Maramureș, Romania
The Johan Hell mine, part of the Breiner polymetallic ore deposit in the Băiuď mining area (Maramureę, Romania), hosts an exceptional diversity of secondary sulphate minerals formed through intense weathering of primary ore mineralization. This study provides a comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical characterization of efflorescent and crust-forming sulphates that developed under extreme acidic conditions. A total of 20 secondary minerals were identified, with halotrichite-group representatives being the most abundant and widespread, followed by römerite, voltaite, melanterite, rozenite, starkeyite, hexahydrite and szomolnokite. These minerals show strong compositional variability, influenced by local geochemical gradients and microenvironmental factors. Geochemical analyses (ICP-MS/ES) reveal significant enrichment of several elements – including Mn, Zn, Cu, As, REEs and Hg – particularly within the halotrichite group, voltaite and römerite. Mineral parageneses reflect a three-stage evolution of weathering conditions, controlled primarily by changes in pH and humidity. The progression from ultra-acidic (pH <2) to moderately acidic (pH 2.5–3.5) conditions governed the crystallization of the various hydrated sulphates.
From late-Variscan localised folding to post-Variscan brittle tectonics: structural evolution of the Glinno Graben, Góry Sowie Massif, SW Poland (NE Bohemian Massif)
We have combined traditional geological field mapping, LiDAR-based digital elevation model (DEM) analysis, and shallow 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to investigate the syn- to late-orogenic Mississippian (‘Culm’) succession preserved in the Glinno Graben (NE Bohemian Massif, SW Poland), and to propose a new model for its multistage tectonic evolution. The Glinno Graben, situated in the Góry Sowie Massif (GSM) southwest of the Sudetic Boundary Fault, is ~7.5 km long, up to 1.5 km wide, and has a markedly asymmetrical internal structure. Structural and geophysical data, supported by regional evidence from the nearby Kamionki Graben, suggest that the main boundary faults of the graben originated during a late Carboniferous to early Permian extensional or transtensional phase, following folding of the Mississippian strata, likely during the Namurian. A subsequent compressional episode during the Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene interval reactivated pre-existing faults and produced broad, gentle folds within the Carboniferous graben fill. Although direct structural evidence is sparse due to limited exposure, this event is supported by regional tectonic correlations. The final tectonic phase, possibly of Neogene to Quaternary age, was marked by NE–SW extension and resulted in the development of high-angle normal faults and internal compartmentalization of the graben. This phase also controlled the development of structurally induced landslides and the formation of Ostrzew Hill as a resistant erosional outlier in the southern part of the graben. Despite poor bedrock exposure, ERT and DEM analyses consistently delineated boundary faults and internal segmentation of the graben. This integrated approach provides the first detailed structural characterization of the Glinno Graben atop the GSM and highlights the long-term reactivation of inherited basement discontinuities.
Multi-proxy detrital accessory mineral analysis reveals the age and origin of eroded basement: a case study from the western Magura Nappe, Outer Western Carpathians, Poland
The Magura Nappe is the largest unit in the Outer Western Carpathians. However, there are limited single-grain provenance data from the Magura Nappe and so far only from Paleocene-Eocene sedimentary rocks, with no single-grain provenance information from Mesozoic rocks. Here we present the first multi-proxy U-Pb and trace-element analysis of detrital minerals (zircon, rutile and apatite) from the Upper Cretaceous ‘Biotite Sandstones’ of the Jaworzynka Formation in the Magura Nappe. The data show that in the western part of the Magura Nappe the eroded crystalline basement to the Biotite Sandstone (Jaworzynka Formation) was predominantly high-grade felsic metamorphic and igneous rocks, with subordinate detritus from mafic protholiths. Detrital rutile and apatite ages correspond with the main peak seen in detrital zircon spectra and record late Variscan (320–330 Ma) tectonomagmatic activity. The Campanian Biotite Sandstone represent an episode of rapid basement erosion, transport and sedimentation, as well as rapid burial, that led to excellent preservation of primary rock-forming minerals (biotite). We envisage a depositional setting on the slopes of the North European Platform and the Moldanubicum (Hostýn Ridge) as the sediment source. The similarity of the multi-proxy U-Pb spectra in Late Cretaceous and Eocene sediments implies that sediment routing system (with sourcing from the northwest) was relatively long lived.
Oriented clusters of the deep-sea trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum in the Eocene flysch of the Pindos foreland basin, western Greece
The trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum, probably produced by a soft-bodied wormlike animal, normally consists of a single tube lined with organic-rich pellets, which were stored as a food resource during periods of scarcity (ethological category: sequestrichnia). On a large sandstone bedding surface in the Eocene flysch of western Greece, this trace fossil occurs in fan-shaped clusters oriented almost perpendicular to the direction of sand transport within the host bed. This unusual configuration, documented here for the first time, is attributed to specific palaeoenvironmental conditions in this part of the deep-sea fan depositional system, where the periodic supply of organic matter and the prevailing current direction remained stable over extended periods. The formation of these clusters reflects an adaptive response to changes in flow direction. The near-perpendicular alignment of the tubes to the current may have reduced ventilation, thereby delaying the oxygenation of the stored organic matter within the pellets.
The radiogenic isotope signature of strontium as an environmental tracer of the dynamics of geothermal reservoirs (Podhale Basin, southern Poland)
The intensive development of geothermal energy in Poland provides new opportunities to study the occurrence and circulation of thermal waters. We have analysed the isotopic variability of thermal waters in the Podhale Basin, using 87Sr/86Sr ratios to characterize their hydrodynamic behaviour. Strontium isotopic signatures in the geothermal water samples analysed range from 0.70835 to 0.70877. Extreme 87Sr/86Sr values were observed along the western and eastern margins of the Podhale Basin, while other chemical parameters showed extreme values in the southern and northern parts of the area. Contrary to expectations based on recharge and circulation patterns and the negative Spearman correlation, a clear northwards decrease in 87Sr/86Sr values was not confirmed. Waters from the Chochołów and Bukowina Tatrzanska wells were found to differ from the other samples, consistent with previous observations that classify these wells as containing mixed waters, recharged during the Holocene and pre-Holocene. The 87Sr/86Sr values in Phanerozoic carbonate rocks and the Tatra crystalline core indicate that both lithological units may contribute strontium to the geothermal waters. These results highlight the need for further quantitative assessment of strontium mixing, for example using a two-component mixing model, along with a broader geological interpretation.
Peat formation dynamics in the meandering fluvial system of the Mudstone Series (Middle Pennsylvanian), Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland
The Mudstone Series (Langsettian–Duckmantian) in the Upper Silesian Basin of Poland is contemporaneous with the main coal-bearing interval of tropical Pangea. The strata were deposited in a continental setting outside the direct reach of glacioeustatic sea-level oscillations. Facies and architectural analyses of the unit provide evidence that the principal depositional environment of the Mudstone Series was a meandering fluvial system with channel belts that followed the NNE-striking basin axis. Amalgamation of these channel belts resulted in laterally widespread sheet-like sandstone bodies up to several tens of metres thick with internal erosional surfaces, which are sandwiched within dominantly fine-grained floodplain facies bearing coal seams. About 24–71 coal seams of the Mudstone Series are at least locally >1 m thick and economically important. Peat swamps formed by paludification of widespread floodplains that were dissected by active channels and upon which there were shallow lakes. Petrographic analysis indicates that the precursors of most coal beds were wet forest to mixed peat swamps colonised by arborescent – shrubby vegetation, whereas herbaceous peat-forming wetlands were subordinate and concentrated in the eastern, less subsiding part of the basin. Coal seams derived from forest to mixed peat swamps are dominated by bright coal lithotypes composed of vitrinite/vitrite which, together with intercalated clastic bands and an ash yield of 17 wt.%, suggest a high degree of waterlogging and a rheotrophic character for most peat swamps. Local coal bands rich in fusain lenses may record a temporarily lowered water table when the exposed surface was prone to wild fires. Although forest swamps generally occupied proximal parts of the floodplains, mixed peat swamps preferred distal areas that were less affected by active fluvial channels. Coal resulting from forest swamps is characterised by alternating bands of thick telinite and collotelinite derived from arborescent vegetation. Mixed peat swamps generated coal with a higher proportion of collodetrinite and inertodetrinite rich in sporinite derived mostly from shrubby plants. Herbaceous vegetation resulted in dull coal lithotypes only: durain, clarain-durain and durain-clarain, composed of detrital macerals, mainly inertodetrinite, vitrodetrinite and sporinite.
Lower Ordovician glauconite-bearing facies in the Holy Cross Mountains and their equivalents on the Małopolska Block (SE Poland): depositional environments and the relationship with eustatic changes in Baltica
Glauconite-bearing siliciclastic lithofacies are widely distributed throughout the Lower Ordovician (upper Tremadocian– Floian) sedimentary record of Poland. They form a diachronous horizon composed of glauconitic sandstones that locally rest on a basal conglomerate, which occur on the Małopolska Block (including the southern Holy Cross Mountains) and the East European Platform. The Lower Ordovician facies architecture in the Holy Cross Mountains can be roughly correlated with the sea-level changes reconstructed in Baltoscandia, though the local tectonics contributed to some notable differences. The Lower Ordovician glauconitic interval reflects a major change of depositional environment on the Baltica and Małopolska shelves characterised by favourable conditions for stratigraphic and sedimentary condensation. It corresponds to a transgressive and early highstand depositional system encompassing the upper Tremadocian to lower Floian interval in the Holy Cross Mountains. On the East European Platform, an extremely condensed glauconitic horizon is associated with the Floian, although its basal conglomerates may be related to the latest Tremadocian. A low accumulation rate, including periods of sediment starvation, facilitated early diagenetic precipitation of a siliceous phase in tuffitic muds, resulting in bedded and nodular cherts in the upper Tremadocian of the southern Holy Cross Mountains.
The process approach in the organization and management of mining enterprises
Within the context of reengineering, process structures are described with certain criteria and terms representing the organizational infrastructure of such forms. They include concepts such as suppliers, customers and process owners, as well as recommendations related to structure flattening, decision-making methods and other activities. In mining enterprises and/or plants, two areas are conventionally identified; "management" and "operations". As regards operations, production is inherently process-based, while management is dominated by task-functional aspects. Difficulties in introducing certain elements of process infrastructure, such as quasi-market principles, result from the character of the production process. The most possibly extensive implementation of process structures is advisable because it allows these to be improved also in other areas, and thus leads to increased management efficiency. Based on these premises, we propose a transformation of functional structures into process structures in mining enterprises and discuss their adjustment and improvement potential with respect to the character of activity carried out by the enterprise.
Very shallow geothermal potential in urban areas: parameterization algorithm and mapping tool for thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity in Warsaw (Poland)
The transition toward Smart City development relies on efficient integration of digital and geoscientific data to improve the sustainability of urban infrastructure. A key component of this process is the optimal utilization of subsurface thermal resources for clean energy systems, as well as the planning of underground infrastructure. This study presents a novel adaptation of the national Engineering-Geological Database of Poland (BDGI) for mapping the very shallow geothermal potential of urban areas. Using more than 35,000 boreholes from the Warsaw region, the database was processed to generate spatial models of thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal resistivity (ρ) at depths from 2 to 30 m below ground level. The shallow thermal conductivity maps so prepared are particularly relevant for the design of energy geostructures (e.g., geothermal piles, thermoactive foundations, energy tunnels) and horizontal ground heat exchangers. The data shown as thermal resistivity maps can also support the design and operation of urban transmission infrastructures such as district heating, electricity, and water networks. The case study area is characterized by loose sediments and soils (compressive strength Rc Ł600 kPa, according to ISO 14689), while solid rocks were not considered as they do not occur at such shallow depths. The resulting thermal maps provide new insights into the spatial variability of the urban subsurface and constitute a practical geospatial tool for energy and infrastructure planning in sustainable city development.
Can present-day stress orientations be determined in salt? Borehole geometry analysis from the Fore-Sudetic Homocline, Poland
We analyse the regional-scale orientation of present-day horizontal stresses within the Zechstein salt deposits of the Fore-Sudetic Homocline, based on an analysis of the geometry of 23 boreholes. Using six-arm dipmeter logs (SADs), we identified systematic elongation of borehole cross-sections within salt intervals. We refer to these as breakout-like structures. These elongations demonstrate remarkable consistency within local groups of boreholes and are interpreted as resulting from natural horizontal stress anisotropy, with orientations that serve as indicators of the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax). Natural differential stresses in salt of <1 MPa can result in borehole wall stress differences of up to 4 MPa. We hypothesize that the maximum shear stress acting on the borehole wall immediately after drilling (up to 32.5 MPa) is sufficient to initiate cataclastic deformation at the grain scale and to generate microcracks. These microcracks may enhance borehole convergence and pressure-solution processes at a rate proportional to the shear stress and to the density of microcracks, which leads to observable ellipticity of boreholes in salt. Natural stress anisotropy is likely driven by differential lithostatic loading due to salt’s depth variations, generating horizontal pressure gradients of ~1 MPa/km instead. Another factor could be the gravitational gliding of competent layers down the slopes of salt-basement highs. These inferences are hypothetical but represent the first attempt to identify a proxy for estimating SHmax orientation in weak salt deposits at a regional scale.
A scientific evaluation of the use of limited versions of AI tools as support in identifying and defining simple non-English lithological terms
This study was prompted by the need to examine how well AI tools and large language models (LLMs) handle geological issues, particularly lithological issues, in languages other than English. The study aimed to evaluate the quality of responses in Polish generated by free versions of AI tools accessible to non-geologists with limited technological expertise. The survey, which was conducted between February and May 2025, involved people with a background in geology and students of geosciences, whose task was to evaluate each of the responses received. The lithology questions were the same for all respondents. The study involved using ChatGPT, Claude, DeepSeek AI, Google Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, Perplexity AI, and Qwen2.5. Respondents were most likely to use ChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot and Perplexity. The assessment covered the factual accuracy of the responses, the reliability of the sources referenced, and the comprehensibility of the responses received. The study revealed that not all AI tools can process the Polish language effectively, and a lack of relevant publications in Polish hinders the improvement of response quality. It was shown that more complete and complex queries that delve deeper into substantive knowledge enable higher quality and more satisfactory results. These results indicate the need to adapt algorithms to regional scientific terminology specifics, which could enhance the quality, reliability and usefulness of the content.
Uncovering the sources of soil lead in the Old Copper Basin (SW Poland): insights from Pb isotope geochemistry
This study explores lead (Pb) isotopic signatures in soils in the Old Copper Basin in SW Poland, an area influenced by centuries of copper mining and smelting. Previous observations showed that Pb distribution in these soils differs from distributions of other metallurgical contaminants such as Cu or Ni, suggesting additional sources of Pb. To address this, we conducted isotopic analyses of topsoil and subsoil samples, including EDTA-extractable fractions, as well as representative rocks and slags. Isotopic ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) were used to distinguish lithogenic, metallurgical, and atmospheric inputs. Subsoils displayed a wide isotopic range (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb = 1.183–1.234), commonly increasing with depth and consistent with local rocks and ore sources. Topsoils showed more uniform and less radiogenic values (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb = 1.172–1.193), forming a regionally consistent isotopic pattern that we define as the Lower Silesian Contemporary Pollution Signal (LSCPS). This signal is linked to long-range atmospheric deposition from industrial emissions. EDTA-leachable Pb in surface soils was isotopically less radiogenic than bulk ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and similar to LSCPS Pb, indicating mobility of this anthropogenic fraction. Some topsoil profiles outside direct mining areas showed elevated Pb with isotopic ratios not related to local ores or slags, pointing to external atmospheric sources. These results emphasize the complex origin of Pb contamination in post-industrial landscapes and demonstrate the value of Pb isotope geochemistry in tracing overlapping pollution signals.
Geochemistry of REE-bearing minerals from the Stara Kamienica schist belt (NE Bohemian Massif, SW Poland)
Complementary micro-area mineralogical investigations using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) allowed for the identification of several REE-bearing mineral phases, including monazite-(Ce) [(Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO₄], xenotime-(Y) [YPO₄], allanite-(Ce) [(Ce,Ca,Y)₂(Al,Fe)₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)], plumbogummite [PbAl₃(PO₄)₂(OH)₅·(H₂O)], and unidentified fluorocarbonate minerals occurring in close association with cassiterite-sulphide mineralization in the Stara Kamienica schist belt (Sudetes, SW Poland). Based on whole-rock data, as well as EPMA analyses of mineral chemical compositions, the environmental origins of xenotime-(Y) and monazite-(Ce) were determined as detrital, metamorphic, and hydrothermal, reflecting the complex geological history of the study area. REE-bearing fluorocarbonates, allanite-(Ce), and plumbogummite, identified for the first time in the Stara Kamienica schist belt, require further mineralogical and geochemical investigations to clarify their origins and roles within the mineral paragenesis. The results of this study provide new insights into the genesis and evolutionary history of both the Stara Kamienica schist belt and the entire Karkonosze-Izera Massif. Exploration of the Stara Kamienica mining site has been focused so far basically just on tin mineralisation, and this study provides the first comprehensive documentation of REE-bearing phases there.
Tonian and Permian magmatic episodes in the Zavkhan Terrane (Western Mongolia): evidence from the Khasagt Mountains
We provide the first account of whole-rock geochemistry and U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology applied to the igneous rocks exposed in the Khasagt Mountains at the margin of the Zavkhan Terrane in Western Mongolia (Central Asian Orogenic Belt). The results show that the area experienced magmatic episodes in the Tonian Period of the Neoproterozoic: at 815–800 Ma recorded by the emplacement of granite, Q-monzonite and alkali gabbro, followed by a subsequent pulse of latibasalt lavas and subvolcanic dykes at 787–769 Ma. Subsequently, in the northern part of the Khasagt region, zircons from alkaline granites and volcanic rocks revealed an early Permian igneous episode at 276–268 Ma. Both late Tonian and early Permian events have been recorded in several terranes of the Mongolian Collage, facilitating more detailed correlation. Our study of the Khasagt Mountains highlights the significance of using multiple geochemical discriminators. These intrusive suites provide evidence of bimodal magmatism, with an alkaline signature (i.e. Nb/Yb >4), in both late Tonian and early Permian time, and also indicate other geochemical features such as high Th/U ratios in zircons, typical of an extension regime. These new investigations of the Khasagt igneous rocks have showed links to giant rift systems and global processes. The Tonian episode was related to an early stage of Rodinia rifting, and the Permian episode to the Central Asian intra-continental rift system.
Applicability of ICP-MS/AES, γ-ray and portable X-ray spectrometry (pXRF) data for rock-generated radiogenic heat calculations
Rock-generated radiogenic heat is one of the key parameters in assessing geothermal potential. To calculate it accurately, it is necessary to know the K, U and Th contents of the rocks in a given region. We have compared measurements of these element concentrations using results obtained by three analytical methods: γ-ray spectrometry, pXRF spectrometry and ICP-MS/AES. The measurements were made on the same samples. By employing statistical methods used in analytical and clinical chemistry, it was quantitatively demonstrated that pXRF tends to overestimate, and γ-ray spectrometry may underestimate (though to a lesser extent), the concentrations of U and Th by comparison with ICP-MS/AES. The scale of over- and underestimation is the especially large for samples with low contents of these elements. These discrepancies, especially in the case of pXRF measurements, lead to significant differences in the calculated radiogenic heat results, which can be many times higher (by up to two orders of magnitude) than those calculated on the basis of instrumental chemistry analyses. It can be concluded that both γ-ray spectrometry and pXRF spectrometry may be used for analyses to determine radiogenic heat. However, while the former method may be a primary research technique for this task (replacing instrumental chemical techniques), the latter should be used more as a screening technique, and may require calibration based on local standard samples obtained from the study area.
Depositional environment and provenance of the pre-glacial Słopiec Formation, Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)
The pre-glacial, autochthonous deposits of the Słopiec Formation represented by the Jabłonna and Radzików members, were identified in two new boreholes – Jabłonna UJK-1 and Słopiec UJK-2 – which were drilled in the Słopiec Basin in the Holy Cross Mountains. Their sedimentary environment, provenance, and environmental conditions were determined using sedimentological, mineralogical-petrographic, geochemical, geophysical and palynological methods. The boundaries of the Słopiec Formation are well defined. It lies on the Paleozoic bedrock and is overlain by glacial deposits, the precise chronostratigraphic position of which remains under discussion. The basal Jabłonna Member comprises lacustrine deposits (muds; silts and silts with interlayers of sands and with organic detritus, which overlie gravels), while the overlying Radzików Member consists of fluvial (fluvio-aeolian) deposits (sands and sands with gravels). Deposition took place in karst lakes, probably meromictic, in a cold climate. The source material came from the local weathering covers (Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Paleogene-Neogene). Palynological analysis (7 samples) revealed the presence of 118 taxa, including 23 cryptogam taxa, 20 gymnosperm taxa, 51 angiosperm taxa and 24 phytoplankton taxa, indicating significant mixing and repeated redeposition of palynomorphs from various sources. The final phase of deposition of the Jabłonna Member occurred during the Quaternary Period. The results described provide the first detailed description of pre-glacial deposits in the Holy Cross Mountains and will serve as an important reference for future regional and extra-regional lithostratigraphic correlations.
Innovative management of hard coal resources in line with rational deposit management
The European Union, according to the European Green Deal, aims to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Following this ruling, Poland plans to move to a low-carbon economy, which means progressive closure of Polish hard coal mines. In order to minimize the negative effect of this process on Polish society, we propose a method that supports management of coal deposits by assessing the dynamic resource base, which considers the economic value and cost of coalfields and helps in choosing the most viable exploitation plan. The method uses data extracted from geological and mining structure models to estimate the margin of exploitation of coalfields in multiple variants. The method then adjusts the results by geological and mining conditions including the nuisance factor, and uses it to estimate a variable discount rate and the net present value of each variant. This way, the resource base aligns with the JORC Code, which considers resources as mineable only if this can be done safely and profitably. The method allows for adjusting plans along with changing market conditions. In order to implement this method it is necessary to align Polish mining law with international standards and to deploy advanced digital tools, which may only be achieved by close cooperation between the state, geological administration, mining supervisory institutions and mining companies.
On the provenance of monazite and ilmenite from the Sea of Azov coastal placers in Novopetrivka, Berdiansk Region, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine
The primary source of economically important coastal sand minerals has been identified. Monazite and ilmenite, which occur in the vicinity of Berdiansk city on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov in Ukraine, and determine the possibility of their practical use. The chemical and mineral composition of the placer minerals, their textural characteristics and radiometric ages help in determining their origin. Monazite from the coastal black sands of Novopetrivka is of Paleoproterozoic age. Thorium-bearing monazites of this age are a typical accessory mineral of the Anadolskyi, Saltychanskyi and Kamianomohylskyi granitoid complexes of the Pryazovskyi Megablock of the Ukrainian Shield. The ilmenites are of various origins. The deposits of both monazite and other minerals of the black sands, common in the beach zone near the village of Novopetrivka, were predominantly formed from terrigenous material brought earlier by rivers from the Pryazovskyi Megablock area. The monazites examined from the northern zone of the Sea of Azov are characterized by significant neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium and dysprosium contents, reaching up to 14 wt.% (as oxides). Apart from monazites, ilmenite, garnet and fine-grained quartz can be good economic targets.
Assessment of the environmental impact of hard coal mining waste disposal sites using machine learning algorithms, with an indication of important features influencing the selection of learning algorithms
This paper presents the potential application of supervised machine learning algorithms to assess the environmental impact of mine disposal sites. Algorithms available for Python from the scikit-learn and pandas libraries were applied to a group of sites representing mine waste dumps used for the disposal of hard coal mining waste. Each disposal site was described with 11 attributes (site characteristics, waste characteristics, groundwater, surface water, air, soil, atmospheric factors, geology, geohazards, nature, and human environment) and 73 features (categorical, numerical, and descriptive) detailing the sites’ environmental impact. As a result of applying the learning process to training data and verifying it on test data, prediction results of at least 80% were obtained for all algorithms tested. The results indicate that the best algorithm for determining the environmental impact of the waste dumps would be the BernouliNB algorithm (86% prediction accuracy), followed by the RidgeClassifier algorithm (87% prediction accuracy), with the currently available training dataset. Potential extension of the dataset could improve the results of the MLPClassifier, Support Vector Machine, and LogisticRegression algorithms.
Hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical reassessment of selected potentially medicinal waters of the Sudetes (SW Poland)
The Sudetes, like the other parts of the Bohemian Massif, are rich in medicinal waters, though the wealth of these resources have still not yet been sufficiently identified nor analysed. The Sudetes are characterised by extensive fractured and fractured-porous aquifers, significant depth of water infiltration and coexistence of fresh, medicinal and thermal waters. These often mix with ordinary groundwater under various geological and hydrogeological conditions, which results in complex groundwater chemistry. In this study, we analyse selected occurrences of potentially medicinal waters, i.e. radon, carbonic and acidulous ones among eight currently unused prospective areas and reassess their hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical properties. Physicochemical parameters of water were measured in situ in winter 2023 and 12 new samples were taken for laboratory analysis. The results were compared to historical hydrogeological and hydrochemical datasets from between 1968 and 2022. They help to understand the conditions of occurrence of potentially medicinal waters in the Polish Sudetes, and to some extent in the proximal parts of the Bohemian Massif showing similar geological and hydrogeological settings, including the hard-rock crystalline massif environment and the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin.
Petrography and provenance of sandstone from Piast Castle and its adjacent chapel in Legnica (SW Poland): implications for medieval and early modern building stone supply
Piast Castle in Legnica (SW Poland) is one of the largest preserved Late Romanesque secular residences in Europe. Constructed and remodelled between the late 12th and 17th centuries, the Castle and its chapel incorporate numerous sandstone architectural details, the provenance and petrographic characteristics of which have been insufficiently documented. We identify the lithological types and probable sources of these sandstones, and investigate their variability in relation to distinct construction phases. A total of 26 samples of historic building stone from Piast Castle and its adjacent chapel, representing the late Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance phases, were compared with 24 reference samples of the Cretaceous Quader Sandstones from the North Sudetic Synclinorium. The petrographic analyses encompassed optical microscopy with subsequent grain size distribution and modal analysis, complemented by scanning electron microscopy analyses on reference material. The results of the study indicate that two sandstone types from the North Sudetic Synclinorium were used in the construction of this heritage site: the Coniacian Upper Quader Sandstone and the Turonian Middle Quader Sandstone. This petrographic variability correlates with construction phases: late Romanesque details were carved from both lithological types, whereas Gothic and Renaissance elements predominantly used Upper Quader Sandstone. The findings provide new insights into medieval and early modern material procurement strategies in the Lower Silesia historical area and deliver a petrographic framework for conservation and restoration strategies.
Assessment of the potential for low-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (LT-ATES) in Poland
Low-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (LT-ATES) is a growing heat management method in western and northern Europe, which enables underground storage of thermal energy utilizing groundwater. The Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, in collaboration with the Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the AGH University of Science and Technology, jointly undertook a comprehensive investigation into the hydrogeological potential for deploying LT-ATES technology in Poland. The two-year project titled "Preliminary assessment of thermal energy storage potential in aquifers in Poland", enabled the evaluation of major usable aquifers based on LT-ATES boundary conditions specific to Poland. A number of hydraulic parameters were carefully assessed, including as most critical: depth to the top of the aquifer; potential yield from a single well; and groundwater velocity. Finally, the total area identified as suitable for LT-ATES in Poland is ~141,000 km², representing around 45% of the country's territory. A classification of LT-ATES potential based on the estimated heating and cooling capacities indicated that ~19% of Poland is suitable for large-scale ATES systems and another 20% of the country has conditions that may offer high capacities but their hydraulic regime is comparatively less favourable.
New organic groundwater pollutants in the national groundwater monitoring network of Poland
This article reports on emerging organic compounds (EOCs) discovered in groundwater samples collected within the national groundwater monitoring network of Poland. EOCs are very toxic substances that can significantly disrupt the functioning of living organisms. Monitoring of EOCs is not yet regulated within EU groundwater legislation, and so is rarely undertaken at national levels. In Poland EOCs are mainly monitored at local scales, usually undertaken by academic centres, except for the Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute (PGI), which undertakes studies at broader scales, collecting samples from the national groundwater monitoring network. Data collected in 2016-2017 proved the presence of pharmaceutical substances in 53% of monitoring sites. Between 2022-2024 PGI continued sampling for pharmaceuticals, nonylophenol, 17-β-estradiol, PFAS, solvents and chelating agents. The results demonstrated the presence of EOCs in groundwater in Poland, especially in areas exposed to agriculture and industry, and in urban agglomerations. Pharmaceuticals have been found in 21%, PFAS compounds in 19% , nonylfenol in 17% and solvents and chelating substances in 45% of the boreholes sampled. Four substances were found sufficiently frequently to be placed on a list of substances to be regulated at EU level. These were carbamazepine, PFPeA, nonylfenol and 2-Ethoxy-2-methylpropane (ETBE).
Characteristics of thermal water flow conditions and an analysis of changes in the main hydrodynamic parameters of the Jelenia Góra geothermal system hosted by the Karkonosze Granite Massif (Sudetes, SW Poland)
The Jelenia Góra thermal system is related to deep groundwater flow along numerous fractures and faults, into the granite Karkonosze massif in the Sudetes. The Upper Carboniferous granite of the Karkonosze is an aquifer with main identified dislocations with NW-SE, NE–SW and NNE-SSW trends. Thermal waters occur in three explored deposits of Cieplice, Karpniki and Staniszów. In Cieplice, thermal waters flow out of 6 springs and 2 wells: C-1 and C-2. In Karpniki, waters are captured from KT-1 well, and in Staniszów –ST-1 well. The thermal waters are low-TDS waters of the Na-SO4-HCO3 or the Na-HCO3- SO4 type. They are deep circulation waters, whose flow time is over 10 thousand years, and their recharge area lies at a considerable distance from drainage zones. In contrast to more shallowly circulating cold waters, thermal waters are characterized by higher concentrations of the fluoride ion and metasilicic acid. An analysis of changes in the hydrodynamic parameters was conducted for exploited flowing wells C-1, KT-1 and the Basenowe Męskie spring. Correlations between the studied hydrodynamic parameters in the Cieplice and Karpniki intakes have a very similar character. What is characteristic is a strong, almost immediate and simultaneous response to extreme changes in exploitation conditions caused by deep drilling, hydrogeological surveying or by a change in water abstraction volume.
Provenance and stratigraphy of the oldest sediments at the western slope of the East European Craton (Volyn-Orsha Rift, SE Poland) – constraints from detrital zircon geochronology
The Volyn-Orsha Rift (VOR) extends NE-SW, from the interior of the East European Craton (EEC) to its western margin. The basin is filled the oldest non-metamorphosed deposits in the craton, mainly with continental reddish to variegated sandstone of the Paliessie Group. It contains no stratigraphic indexes, therefore, its age remains ambiguous. Detrital zircon ages (SHRIMP) were investigated for sandstone from the lowermost part of the Polish Polesie formation in Kaplonosy IG 1 borehole to constrain the timing of its deposition and detritus provenance. Two dominant populations have been identified: yielding 207Pb/206Pb ages of ~1850–1750 Myr, interpreted as derived from denudation of the late Svecofennian proximal basement of the northern flank of the basin, and in a range of 1560–1450 Myr, typical of anorogenic within-plate granitoid batholiths, widespread in the Fennoscandia in the direct vicinity of the NW margin of the VOR. The remaining zircons (ages ~1290–1050 Myr) are interpreted as derived from the common Sveconorwegian-Grenville orogenic belt, in the Neoproterozoic riming the EEC from the west. The youngest six detrital zircons with 207Pb/206Pb age in the range of ~1082–1048 Myr, provide a new constraint on the possible deposition time. The true depositional age of this unit is probably younger (at least ~100 Myr) interpreted here as Neoproterozoic, due to an intracratonic position of VOR basin within the assembled Rodinia.
Conditions for the development of low-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (LT-ATES) in Poland
We investigate the fundamental conditions for the effective deployment of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES), focusing on low-temperature applications (LT-ATES) in Poland, identifying opportunities and challenges associated with implementing this technology within national hydrogeological and institutional settings. This study builds upon the findings of the project “Preliminary assessment of thermal energy storage potential in aquifers in Poland” completed in 2024, which provided the first comprehensive evaluation of LT-ATES potential. Our analysis encompasses key technical and regulatory determinants of sustainable system operation, emphasizing the necessity of full groundwater re-injection and rigorous site selection to safeguard water quality and prevent interference with medicinal and thermal water resources. Operational performance may be enhanced through advanced control strategies and systematic well maintenance. A SWOT analysis is applied to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats relevant to LT-ATES deployment in Poland. LT-ATES could play an important role in decarbonizing the national heating sector by supporting distributed systems, building clusters, and small district networks. The technology is increasingly recognized in strategic policy documents such as PEP2040 and the Geothermal Development Roadmap (2021). We conclude with policy recommendations to strengthen regulatory frameworks, increase awareness, and support nationwide implementation across Poland.